{"id":601,"date":"2012-07-06T15:39:00","date_gmt":"2012-07-06T08:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.levent.com.vn\/?p=601"},"modified":"2014-07-08T15:40:48","modified_gmt":"2014-07-08T08:40:48","slug":"gio-duc-v-phong-tro-phu-nu-o-bac-ky-truoc-1945-nu-quyen-khng-c-guong-mat-phu-nu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/?p=601","title":{"rendered":"Giáo d\u1ee5c và phong trào ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945 – n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n không có g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (women\u2019s right) v\u00e0 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n (feminism). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho n\u1eef, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed,  \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a hai ti\u1ebfng \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d (feminism) tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

I.Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

1.Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh<\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cquy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d (women\u2019s right) v\u00e0 \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d (feminism) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 nhau. David Marr \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cquy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft \u201cThe 1920s Women\u2019s Rights Debates in Vietnam\u201d<\/a>[1]<\/a>(Tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00eau t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u s\u1edbm l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1edd b\u00e1o s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec1u do Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat. \u1ede s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o th\u1ee9 5, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed cho ra m\u1ee5c \u201cNh\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0\u201d (1913), ti\u1ebfp theo \u201cNh\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00fat danh n\u1eef \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Loan, ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. \u00d4ng ra chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: 1) t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eef cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o; 2) khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cN\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ed1 32 (1913) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed. Trong m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

\u201cbi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ee5ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1eef-quy\u1ec1n<\/i> ch\u00fang ta em v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c mong m\u1ecfi… th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i cho ch\u00fang em n\u00f3i m\u1ea5y ch\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n n\u00f3i l\u1eafm t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi nh\u1ea7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu n\u00f3i l\u1eafm t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay; em s\u00e2n Tr\u00ecnh c\u1eeda Kh\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c lam b\u00fat s\u1eaft m\u1ea5y thu \u0111\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 em kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd chi, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ong b\u01b0\u1edbm hay l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eddi th\u0103m ch\u1ecb hay sao?\u201d (\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 1913).<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cN\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u01a1i l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n? D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

2.Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c Nh\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n c\u1ed1t cho cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u201cNh\u1edd Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf n\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u0169 \u0111\u00e0o t\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh kim ch\u1ec9 b\u00fat nghi\u00ean, ..gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 kinh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n h\u00fa h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 n\u0103m x\u01b0a n\u1eefa\u201d (\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 1913).<\/p>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u201cl\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u201cn\u1eef nhi nan gi\u00e1o\u201d (ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f3 d\u1ea1y). Tr\u00ean Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u0103m 1917, \u00f4ng Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 sau \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfng g\u00e1i l\u00e0nh, v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec1n, m\u1eb9 t\u1eeb, l\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn n\u1eef l\u01b0u..\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i \u201cNh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 ta ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u00e9m h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y n\u1eefa, v\u00ec \u00e2m v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhu v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng..\u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t sinh g\u1ed3m trong ba ch\u1eef t\u00f2ng; d\u1ea1y cho l\u1eafm, h\u1ecdc cho l\u1eafm c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 \u00edch. N\u00f3i s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafm b\u00e0 hay ch\u1eef, l\u1eafm b\u1ef1c t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d<\/a>[2]<\/a>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u01b0a, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 theo h\u1ecdc \u201cch\u1eef Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 sao cho c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d: c\u00f4ng, dung, ng\u00f4n, h\u1ea1nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o h\u00e0ng.ng\u00e0y. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea1y con, nh\u01b0ng uy quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y con g\u00e1i trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, gia c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cc\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cng\u00f4n\u201d c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u201cnh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea th\u00ec m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a thoi k\u00e9o ch\u1ec9. C\u00f2n nh\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec n\u1eef c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i l\u1ee3n, nu\u00f4i g\u00e0, gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o xay l\u00faa, d\u1ea7n, s\u00e0ng t\u1ea5m c\u00e1m, r\u1eeda b\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a, gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0. Ng\u00f4n l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0a v\u00e2ng d\u1ea1, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 danh gi\u00e1, con g\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0103n n\u00f3i v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p. Con nh\u00e0 h\u00e8n k\u00e9m th\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb con, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0103n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho tr\u1ebb em Ph\u00e1p. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1887 c\u1ee7a Dumoutier, thanh tra v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 4 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc n\u1eef: 2 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1 \u1edf H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 1 \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 30 n\u1eef sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t. Dumoutier cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y to\u00e0n ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ednh. \u00d4ng suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u00f4n n\u1eef c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1906, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c m\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc cho n\u1eef. Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4 N\u0103m (con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Can, em c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00fac \u0110\u00e0m) l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u1edbp n\u1eef v\u00ec b\u00e0 bi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Khi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1 4 ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng \u0110\u00e0o c\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc: m\u1ed9t nam, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y ch\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean. Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc cho n\u1eef sinh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn: c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nam n\u1eef t\u00f4n ti c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n sinh quan m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi\u201d<\/a>[3]<\/a>. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 qua c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc n\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1910, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201c\u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng Tr\u1ed1ng (l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1910) c\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 hai \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 cao tu\u1ed5i d\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1. B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0 gi\u00e1o nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo l\u1ed1i t\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u00ec d\u1ea1y Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u1eef T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1edd ch\u1eef Nho, giao cho m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nho \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. S\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f4ng cho n\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ra ph\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng C\u00f3t. Hai k\u1ef3 thi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi r\u1ed3i<\/a>[4]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u0103m ba c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed7, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u00e8 c\u1ea3 n\u0103m s\u00e1u tr\u0103m c\u00e1c c\u1eadu\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc K\u1ef3. Trong c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 11-4-1910, Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 (Simoni) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef h\u1ecdc. B\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t cho n\u1eef sinh m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc. Hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn. \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed t\u1eeb ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef\u201d. T\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf \u00fd b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 28-4-1910, T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft (b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p) \u201cT\u00f4i x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111i h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 quan, hay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho con g\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec b\u1ed1 d\u1ea1y con ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i th\u1ea7y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ef1 khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf mang s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u theo c\u00e1ch v\u0103n minh c\u00f3 k\u1ebb cho con g\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Con g\u00e1i \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y (H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng) n\u1ebfu m\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng con g\u00e1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, B\u1eafc Ninh, L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, Ninh B\u00ecnh, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean. N\u0103m 1913, s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 9 v\u1edbi 647 h\u1ecdc sinh. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (\u00e9cole Brieux) \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 324, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi 111 h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 109.<\/p>\n

Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 26 l\u1ea7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 10:1. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn n\u0103m 1918 khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nho gi\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh nam tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb 9.292 n\u0103m 1917 l\u00ean 34.700 n\u0103m 1918, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u1eef t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt do c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nho gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 1: s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 (1913-1940)<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang cho n\u1eef nh\u01b0 n\u1eef c\u00f4ng gia ch\u00e1nh, v\u1ec7 sinh, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nam gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00eam t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bu\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u1eef. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 m\u1edf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. C\u00e1c c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nam \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

3.S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

David Marr \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn b\u00e1o ch\u00ed xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tranh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111ang d\u00f2 d\u1eabm t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ra l\u00e0m ba nh\u00f3m: b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u00f4n h\u00f2a, c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn<\/a>[6]<\/a>. \u1ede b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, ngo\u00e0i ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 Trung B\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n, Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong l\u00e0ng b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o gi\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 N\u1eef gi\u1edbi chung (1918), Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n (1929-1935), Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m (1930-1934), \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0, Vi\u1ec7t N\u1eef. \u1ede B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1913, khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1eef do s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c Nh\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u1edbi hai \u201cnh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1914, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u201cn\u1eef b\u00e1o\u201d (\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 1914), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ra ph\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a tin s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef sinh Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1eef gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed nh\u01b0ng Nam Phong c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o<\/p>\n

d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong s\u1ed1 4 (1917), Nam Phong \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh h\u1eb3n 10 trang \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u201cS\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i\u201d. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch  l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam-n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u1ea9m sinh \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, n\u00ean t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i mang ph\u1eadn m\u1ecfng h\u00e8n. R\u1ed3i sau c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, d\u1ef1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u1ee9 chu\u1ea9n y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean… \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n: \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong ph\u00e2n chia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201cx\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u1eddi nay v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadt l\u1eafm \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ea th\u1ea3m, l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 c\u00e1i \u00f4 danh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c ta\u201d (Nam Phong T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 1917). C\u0169ng trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng k\u00e9m th\u00ec h\u1ea1i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i h\u1ea1i \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u01b0; \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i cho ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khi t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng- \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, n\u00eau t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00fang t\u00fang khi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam-n\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u201cTrong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng con giai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u-trung l\u01b0u, v\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 chi\u00eau sinh n\u01a1i ph\u00fa qu\u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb m\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebb ch\u1ed1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 1917). Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u1eadp \u201cN\u1eef h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 \u201cN\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i hai t\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u00e0 Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, tham gia vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng coi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o (1920-1922), H\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ng\u1ecd b\u00e1o (1927-1929), B\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p (1925-1932),  Phong h\u00f3a (1932-1936), Trung B\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong 3 n\u0103m (1920-1922), t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1921, \u201cTh\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i k\u00fd t\u00ean Ph\u00f9ng th\u1ecb Nga v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eef h\u1ecdc\u201d. Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eef, b\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u201cB\u1ea3n qu\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i v\u0103n sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, c\u1ee9 xem l\u1eddi v\u0103n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. \u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1eef h\u1ecdc nu\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o\u201d (Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o, 1921). T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00f9ng Th\u1ecb Nga \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 coi n\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nam h\u1ecdc, cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebft hai c\u00e1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu ngang nhau, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao la man m\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 coi ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn khoa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7, xin l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c… N\u00e0y l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u1eed k\u00fd h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1ch tr\u00ed h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc…bi\u1ebft bao khoa h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft bao \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e0n; ch\u1ee9 c\u1ee9 kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 hai ch\u1eef \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d, h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u00fa g\u00ec, hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u00ec minh, x\u00e9t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00ecnh th\u00ec qu\u00e1ng\u201d (dd). Ti\u1ebfp sau b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng th\u1ecb Nga,  Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i k\u00fd t\u00ean n\u1eef h\u1ecdc sinh Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n Thanh. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u201cN\u1eef sinh \u00e1i h\u1eefu\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201c\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng… H\u1ed9i l\u1eadp n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u201cnam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n\u201d m\u00e0 ngang nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft b\u00e8 k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 x\u01b0ng h\u00f9ng…H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ef1c t\u00e0i cao h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ki\u00eam to\u00e0n, l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u1eef l\u01b0u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng ngu l\u1ed7\u201d (dd). T\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c, tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Phong h\u00f3a, t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nh\u1ea5t Linh, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 nam n\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u201cNam n\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d. Phong h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00ec \u201ctrong n\u1eef l\u01b0u m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, b\u1ecdn n\u1eef t\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do… Ch\u1ecb em y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u201d, ch\u1ecb em c\u00f3 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u201d (Phong h\u00f3a, 1932), do \u0111\u00f3 trong khi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i th\u00ec Phong h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef x\u00f3m B\u00ecnh khang\u201d hay l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef phong tr\u1ea7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 ba t\u1edd b\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, g\u1ed3m Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t n\u1eef, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m. T\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 8-12-1930, ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1932 v\u00e0 ra h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1934 th\u00ec \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n. T\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o l\u00e0 dung h\u00f2a hai xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o n\u00eau l\u00ean trong \u201cL\u1eddi tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u0103ng \u1edf s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cT\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a hai c\u00e1i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c… mong cho ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft trung, b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trung l\u1eadp\u201d. C\u0169ng trong s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng bao g\u1ed3m: 1) Tri th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, 2) Ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u1edd b\u00e1o nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201cmu\u1ed1n cho tri th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do  s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ra, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c x\u01b0a m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang \u00f3c s\u00e1ng, tu th\u00e2n x\u1eed th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d.  B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u0103n d\u1ea1y ch\u1ecb em ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cth\u1eddi k\u1ef3 con g\u00e1i\u201d th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, song ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cth\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3\u201d, \u201cth\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m m\u1eb9\u201d v\u1ec1 sau, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ef1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi k\u1ecbp\u201d (\u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecb em ta\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m,1930). Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 4 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 \u1edf 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m tr\u00ed d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nga, b\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch Y\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng n\u1eef tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thao.<\/p>\n

4.Phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00ean cao. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1c<\/p>\n

n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1931, Nam Phong \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u00c2u M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cN\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn. Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111ang t\u1eeb t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1789… Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n tranh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd…Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u01b0a nay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb g\u00ec nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 s\u1eaft, l\u00e0m l\u1ee5c s\u1ef1, l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, l\u00e0m ngo\u1ea1i giao, l\u00e0m ch\u00e1nh v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y, l\u00e0m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1 n\u1eefa..Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed: Anh, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111i b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf gi\u1eefa li\u00ean bang qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u1ea3. \u00dac, T\u00e2n T\u00e2y Lan c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean, l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00c1o, Hung, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y ra ch\u1ed7 ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1eafm n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cd\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c n\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu\u201d. N\u0103m 1934, Nam Phong cho \u0111\u0103ng \u201cCu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edd b\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u201ccu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d chung. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cTuy r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ch\u1ed1n th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u00ean c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng theo l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i c\u0169 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 t\u1eeb 50 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft nam ngo\u1ea1i n\u1eef n\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tam t\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1eafm vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em… V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trai n\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea5n t\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u00c2u m\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00f2ng tin nh\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1edbt d\u1ea7n, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n v\u00ec ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, n\u00ean \u00edt l\u00e2u nay c\u00e1i phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp t\u1ef1 Nam ch\u00ed B\u1eafc\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia: ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee1, gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0 k\u00fd, b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1eef v\u0103n s\u0129, n\u1eef thi s\u0129 m\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00f2n kh\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1eef s\u0129 \u201cch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Loan, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb B\u1ed5ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a\u201d.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n (1929-1934)  \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt vi\u1ec7c th\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tin \u201cB\u00e0 l\u1edbn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d nh\u01b0 sau \u201cTrong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3ng Mao (M\u1ef9). Thi\u1ec7t v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1eady. Trong k\u1ef3 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 200 v\u1ea1n. Trong k\u1ef3 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, c\u00f3 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00fang c\u1eed, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 (b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) trong N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Mac Donald\u201d (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n,1929). D\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cC\u00e1c c\u00f4 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o b\u00ean Hu\u00ea K\u1ef3\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n vi\u1ebft \u201cCon g\u00e1i b\u00ean Hu\u00ea K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u00e0m b\u00e1o. M\u00e0 c\u00f4 n\u00e0o tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhan s\u1eafc, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c; c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea5u, m\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2 la h\u1ecfi han, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00e9 r\u0103ng, v\u1eady m\u00e0 t\u1edbi phi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u00ec ai c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec d\u1ea5u k\u00edn c\u0169ng \u0111em phun ra h\u1ebft\u201d (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n,1929). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, theo nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o ch\u00fa th\u00edch l\u00e0 d\u1eabn theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u201c\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u00ean \u00c2u M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho anh \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 khi \u0111i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u00e2y b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u00ean xe, ch\u1eadt h\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 r\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho b\u00e0 th\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1eddm m\u1eaft, c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u00edt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn b\u00ean \u00c2u-M\u1ef9, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00f3 khi anh \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00ean xe, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i cho b\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb m\u1eafng \u201cT\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng v\u1eady, \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u1ee9 ng\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00f4i l\u00e0m chi\u201d (\u201c\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y tay\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n, 1929). B\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u0169ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Li\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c (League of Nations) n\u0103m 1929 c\u00f3 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho 13 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u00e1o n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u201cTr\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ebfn ta, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ch\u1ecb em b\u00ean \u00c2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa l\u1eafc xa l\u01a1 r\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u b\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5t g\u00e1nh\u201d (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n,1929). Ngo\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, g\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam soi v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

II.Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ee1, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3<\/b><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u201d ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi (gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, y t\u00e1, d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1), ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c. Ng\u00e0y 19-6-1930, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef T\u00e2n v\u0103n cho \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00f4 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f4 Giang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 tham gia l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i \u201cVNQDD th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin, kh\u00f4ng cho ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t nam x\u01b0a nay ch\u1ec9 quen \u1edf trong b\u1ebfp, ai ng\u1edd h\u1ecd len ra ch\u1ed7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y 10-7-1930, c\u0169ng t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua b\u00e0i \u201cC\u00e1i t\u00e1nh l\u1ea1t l\u1ebdo c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb em ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c\u201d. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cth\u1eadt ch\u1ecb em ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng ngay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh hay l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n cao xa qu\u00e1\u201d. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd: Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc-nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1eef \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y) nh\u01b0ng \u201cn\u0103m s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i ba c\u00e1i th\u01a1 ng\u1ecf \u00fd hoan ngh\u00eanh, c\u00f2n th\u00ec l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd im l\u00ecm, kh\u00f4ng nghe ai \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi\u201d. B\u00e1o m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c thi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0ng \u201cnh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u00f4 h\u00e0o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu ra h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng\u201d. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3  mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m vi\u1ebft \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u1edf g\u1ea7n kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u0103m ba ch\u1ee5c b\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1, c\u00f4 n\u1eef kh\u00e1n h\u1ed9. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em n\u1eef h\u1ecdc sinh, sau khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n d\u1edf dang, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed5 \u00edch g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap ch\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i con, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1. C\u00e1i h\u1ea1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ta ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho ch\u1ecb em c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, hai l\u00e0 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1eef h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh k\u1ebf\u201d (\u201cPh\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ed d\u1ee5c\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, 1930). B\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eed h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. B\u00e1o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang cho nam h\u1ecdc sinh.. c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4 t\u1edbi h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng do c\u01a1 quan Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1eadp ra, sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 d\u1ef1 th\u00ed, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nam nhi chen vai l\u1ea5n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u0103ng?…ch\u1ecb em ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u01b0a, l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o c\u0169, v\u1eady c\u00f3 ai d\u00e1m ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c sang Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n?\u201d (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n, 1929). R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o gi\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (H\u1ed9i n\u1eef c\u00f4ng) B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1931, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, tuy nhi\u00ean, sau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t th\u01b0a th\u1edbt. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m c\u00f3 b\u00e0i than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u201cmu\u1ed1n cho th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p nhau th\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3.. nh\u01b0ng than \u00f4i, c\u00f3 h\u00f4, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecda, ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0o th\u00e9t \u1ea5y, r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng tho\u1ea3ng qua nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi gi\u1eefa sa m\u1ea1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d (\u201cT\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ecb em ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i N\u1eef-c\u00f4ng\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, 1931). N\u0103m 1932, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eadp Salon v\u0103n h\u1ecdc theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai l\u00e0m n\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng salon \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m c\u00f3 d\u00e0nh v\u00e0i s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau \u201cc\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc- ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 do ch\u1ecb em c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 giao\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1eadc n\u1eef l\u01b0u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vai tr\u00f2 n\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n sa long, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n h\u1ee9a treo gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0nh ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i \u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 giao, hai th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta, t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kia- t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u00e3 giao- c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t th\u1eddi c\u00e1i b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh noi tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n minh c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e8n k\u00e9m\u201d (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, 1932).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 do d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong khi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1eaft khe.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 do d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh. N\u0103m 1917, 1918, Nam Phong ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp,  khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o \u201c mong r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u1ed5i n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u1eafng v\u1ebb, sao cho xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc n\u1eef s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y g\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u201d (Nam Phong, s\u1ed1 11,1918)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1925 th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh-Nam Phong v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

c\u00f2n h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u1eefa. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201cl\u00e0m sang cho ch\u1ed3ng\u201d. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d \u201cb\u00e0 n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y n\u00ea khai ph\u00f3ng, m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfng t\u1ef1 do, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00e0 b\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ecbt, tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u00f4i k\u00e8n th\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e0ng ch\u1ed3ng, v\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e0ng v\u1ee3, con c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e0ng con… con c\u00e1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea5y th\u00ec con n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0. Con h\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1eb9 th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec h\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm.. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ta, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f4ng d\u1eb9p b\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tranh nhau nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh tinh, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i suy x\u00e9t ph\u00e9p k\u1ef7 h\u00e0 h\u1ecdc. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t trong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u1eef c\u00f4ng sao cho chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, n\u1eef dung sao cho y\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7u, n\u1eef ng\u00f4n sao cho h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, n\u1eef h\u1ea1nh sao cho ch\u00ednh chuy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef h\u00f2a l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n \u00e1i c\u00f9 lao, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1eadc n\u1eef l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7\u201d (Nam Phong, s\u1ed1 101, 1925). B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh-Nam Phong tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh cao xa l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o sau 1925, Nam Phong ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ct\u1ef1 do qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng chi\u1ec1u v\u1ee3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee3 v\u1ee3\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u00ec b\u1ecb v\u00ed v\u1edbi \u201ch\u1ed5 c\u00e1i gi\u00e0\u201d. Trong l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a cho \u201cNh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t anh ch\u00e0ng s\u1ee3 v\u1ee3\u201d, Nam Phong gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed5 ch\u00e9p h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a anh ch\u00e0ng ghi v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng n\u1ed7i l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng tinh, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m hai ch\u1eef t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do x\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e1o, l\u00e0m tan n\u00e1t c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng.. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00e1m n\u1eef l\u01b0u ta g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4 nh\u1ed1 nh\u0103ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng, l\u1eafm chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 trong b\u1ecdn tu mi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i, g\u00e2y t\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 sau, m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00f4n phong, h\u1ea1i l\u00e2y phong h\u00f3a\u201d (Nam Phong, n\u0103m 1927). Trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o, Nam Phong l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c thi\u00ean gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n gi\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u201cL\u1eddi r\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i\u201d (Nam Phong, 1928) v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n, ho\u1eb7c \u201cG\u00e1i \u0111\u1eddi nay\u201d (Nam Phong, 1929) l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y con theo T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc; \u201cTh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 g\u1eedi con g\u00e1i\u201d (Nam Phong, 1929) l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eb9 d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 khi con g\u00e1i du h\u1ecdc b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p. Trong \u201cG\u00e1i th\u1eddi nay\u201d, Nam Phong \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i theo \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi qua l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u201cCon \u01a1i, con ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 xem: con l\u00e0 g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o, m\u00e0 so ra dung c\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n, \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1eb9n kh\u00f4ng?… M\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1i nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em b\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1, th\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ecdc \u00edt, ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0, m\u00e0 n\u1ebft na d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, kh\u00e2u v\u00e1 kh\u00e9o, c\u1ed7 b\u00e0n b\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i m\u1ed9t tay, c\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng nom, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang, tr\u00ean gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cha m\u1eb9, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u0103n s\u00f3c c\u00e1c em, trong nh\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, sai b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb \u0111\u00e2u ra \u0111\u1ea5y, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00ednh n\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea3ng, \u0103n l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i h\u01b0 m\u00e0 ch\u00e1n! Sao con kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1eb9n v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb em th\u1ebf?… Hay con cho r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef h\u1ecdc ra, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc trung l\u01b0u n\u1eef gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 cao, th\u1ed5i c\u01a1m l\u00e0 h\u00e8n? Ch\u1ebft n\u1ed7i, con ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1ea7m! \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u1eeba, \u0111\u00e1ng khinh b\u1ec9, d\u1eabu hay ch\u1eef c\u0169ng v\u1ea5t \u0111i. G\u00e1i v\u0103n minh qu\u00e1, m\u1eb9 s\u1ee3 con \u1ea1, con \u0111\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf l\u00e0 hay\u201d (Nam Phong, 1929, tr. 26). Nam Phong mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00fd \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc cao bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 qu\u00fd \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang, bi\u1ebft lo toan n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 cho con \u0111i du h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111au \u0111\u00e1u m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u201cm\u1eb9 th\u1ea5y con trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u1eddi t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, thi \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u00fa t\u00e0i, theo anh sang Ph\u00e1p.. m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 con \u0111i m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 v\u1eabn ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i, ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00fac con v\u1ec1, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 khi \u0111i kh\u00f4ng? Hay ch\u1ec9 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng, t\u00ednh n\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n chi l\u00e0 \u00f4n h\u00f2a thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c. Con \u01a1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh cu\u1ed3ng, con \u1edf gi\u1eefa kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh b\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1ea1nh kia n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh\u201d (Nam Phong, 1929, tr. 302). B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao cho con \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u201cM\u1eb9 cho con h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho con th\u00e0nh c\u00f4 C\u1eed c\u00f4 Ngh\u00e8, mua l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i h\u01b0 danh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2u. M\u1eb9 cho con h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t mong cho con sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed3ng, r\u1ed3i d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap ch\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1y con, tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n th\u00ea t\u1eeb m\u1eabu. Trong mu\u00f4n vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng con y\u00eau ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3\u201d (Nam Phong, dd, tr. 303).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1934, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i tr\u00ed tri, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Nam Phong \u201cCu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u201cV\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng m\u1edf mang ri\u00eang cho b\u00ean nam gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 b\u00ean n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eefa n\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng 20 n\u0103m nay, ch\u1ecb em Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc kh\u00e1 cao\u201d. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, n\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp t\u1ef1 Nam ch\u00ed B\u1eafc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i xu\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trai. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf th\u00ec ch\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m kh\u00e1n h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee1, th\u01b0 k\u00fd, b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf… Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf th\u00ec b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ea1n trai trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u00cdt l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1eef v\u0103n s\u0129 n\u1eef thi s\u0129 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Loan, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb B\u1ed5ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a (l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong Nh\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed).. ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m ph\u00fac, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 thao..\u201d (Nam Phong, 1934). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ca ng\u1ee3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 \u201cai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta trong v\u00f2ng 20 n\u0103m nay c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4 cho t\u00f4i ng\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi, th\u00ec t\u00f4i xin c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em n\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111i, ch\u1edb h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, nh\u1ee1 ra qu\u00e1 ch\u1edbn v\u1ea5p ch\u00e2n m\u00e0 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng gai g\u00f3c b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y\u201d (Nam Phong, dd, tr. 157).<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 Nho gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc theo ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. B\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam di\u1ec5n k\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00cdt l\u00e2u nay t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 th\u00e0nh d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn n\u00f4n nao v\u00ec n\u1ed7i m\u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u01a1ng ta theo \u0111\u00f2i T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t m\u1ea5y nam t\u1eed l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u di\u1ec5n k\u1ecbch, b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n th\u00f3i e l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai nh\u00e2n \u00c2u M\u1ef9…Vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng khen..c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng qu\u1ea3n mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 \u0111em ph\u00f4 b\u1ea7y cho m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn con m\u1eaft tr\u00f4ng v\u00e0o.. Song l\u1ea5y con m\u1eaft nh\u00e0 b\u1ec9nh b\u00fat Nam Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u1eafm c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Nam Vi\u1ec7t, tr\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef hay thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 Nam Vi\u1ec7t than v\u00e3n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u bi ai th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng gi\u0103ng gi\u00f3 gi\u00f3 gi\u0103ng…m\u1eaft ta ch\u1ec9 quen tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ru con \u1eb5m ch\u00e1u, th\u1ed5i c\u01a1m g\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec tr\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf th\u1eddi gi\u1edd qu\u00fd b\u00e1u m\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh cung \u0111\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u trai l\u01a1, nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3i phong b\u1ea1i t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3\u201d (B\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p,1926)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i e ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng theo \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. N\u0103m 1922 b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft k\u00fd t\u00ean \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi sau khi h\u1ecdc xong \u201cEm xem ra ch\u1ecb em c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111i l\u00e0m v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng em thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay, v\u00ec c\u1ee9 theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u0111i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nay \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n. Theo nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c ta th\u00ec c\u00e1i tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tu\u1ed5i s\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 ta t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu nay \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ebdo \u0111\u1ebdo theo ta.. N\u1ebfu ta ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i cho k\u1ef9, th\u1eddi ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau n\u00e0y \u0111i l\u00e0m v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi h\u1ecdc h\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, ta n\u00ean xoay ra h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i, th\u00eau th\u00f9a..Ta c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 trong tay, d\u00f9 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi th\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ti\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e2u v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c sinh nhai n\u1eefa\u201d (Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n b\u00e1o, 1-3-1922). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, theo nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u201cKh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00ec l\u1ebd g\u00ec, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1edf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3ng then c\u00e0i c\u1ea3. Bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u? Bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ch\u1ecb em g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01b0u sinh. Th\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng cay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft than th\u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u v\u00ec sinh ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i x\u1ee9 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u00e0y\u201d (\u201cS\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, 1932). C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Trong khi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u1ed3n \u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tung h\u00f4 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trung b\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 \u201cTheo phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n, m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng A c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n k\u00eau nh\u01b0 chu\u00f4ng, vang nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m, m\u00e0 trong nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng ba, b\u1ed1n v\u1ee3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea5y n\u00e0ng h\u1ea7u; \u00f4ng B vi\u1ebft v\u0103n n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1o ch\u1ea3y, ng\u1ecdt nh\u01b0 m\u00eda l\u00f9i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eaby hai \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ee3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh lu\u00f4n tay, ch\u1eedi lu\u00f4n m\u1ed3m (\u201cCu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u201d, Trung B\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n, 1934)<\/p>\n

Phong h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u201cD\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 con ch\u00e1u n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn lao \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sao d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ecfn con n\u00e0o. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ph\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng \u01b0a, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 gh\u00e9t th\u1eadm t\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n trong b\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ai c\u0169ng s\u00e0n s\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m chung, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n cho ai nho \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00eau x\u1ea5u h\u1ecd. Cho hay m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ch\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t d\u1ec5 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i t\u00e0i cao h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng. Mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ctr\u01a1\u201d, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1eb9n (v\u00ec l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1c theo v\u1ee3 h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng vinh h\u1ea1nh g\u00ec\u201d (\u201cH\u1ecdc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d, Phong H\u00f3a, 1932). V\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111i theo tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Phong H\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1eeda m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1929, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n ,1929). B\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u, trong b\u00e0i \u201cC\u00f2n \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb em th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft : \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1m Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Hu\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed5n b\u00e1o, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3\u201d. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n khi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. \u201c\u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e0i tr\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ngang vai s\u00f3ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00f2i n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi… C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecb em b\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00f2i n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d ( Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e2n v\u0103n,1929). Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m cho r\u1eb1ng phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu do ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn  \u201cV\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb em, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u00f4 h\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1  n\u1ecd… tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ecb em h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, c\u0169ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, c\u0169ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft…Nh\u01b0ng than \u00f4i, b\u1ec3 l\u1eb7ng n\u1ed5i t\u0103m, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 tho\u1ea3ng qua r\u1ed3i c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh \u00e2m th\u1ea7m m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e2u l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn…Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef xem \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t trong nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm ngay..nay b\u00e0n mai t\u00ednh, k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c b\u00f3 tay v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n b\u00f3 tay.. C\u00e1i m\u1ed1i d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y \u0111en kh\u00f3i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd m\u1ecbt tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb em, n\u00f3 ng\u00e1ng tr\u1edf ch\u1ecb em b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1ef1c c\u1eeda gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d .(\u201cPh\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdn tr\u00e0o d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn\u201d, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m, 1932). T\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 do \u201cm\u00e3i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn\u201d.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef sinh Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf n\u0103m 1910 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed9 l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Phong tr\u00e0o \u201cn\u1eef quy\u1ec1n\u201d ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau: tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u1eef ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng thua nam gi\u1edbi, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u1edf r\u1ed9 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n. R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u x\u00f3a \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Hoa<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n b\u00e0i d\u1eabn: http:\/\/vanhoanghean.vn\/nhung-goc-nhin-van-hoa\/goc-nhin-van-hoa\/4024-giao-duc-va-phong-trao-phu-nu-o-bac-ky-truoc-1945-nu-quyen-khong-co-guong-mat-phu-nu.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (women\u2019s right) v\u00e0 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n (feminism). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/C\u00e1o-ph\u00f3-NVV-t\u1ea1-th\u1ebf.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/601"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=601"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":602,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/601\/revisions\/602"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=601"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}